Cytoskeleton which cell

Elastic behavior of cross-linked and bundled actin networks. Tharmann, R. Viscoelasticity of isotropically cross-linked actin networks. Koenderink, G. An active biopolymer network controlled by molecular motors. USA , — Chaudhuri, O. Reversible stress softening of actin networks. This paper showed that the architecture of actin-filament networks affects the relative importance of entropic and enthalpic elasticity.

Wagner, B. Cytoskeletal polymer networks: the molecular structure of cross-linkers determines macroscopic properties. Herant, M. Mechanics of neutrophil phagocytosis: behavior of the cortical tension.

Charras, G. Non-equilibration of hydrostatic pressure in blebbing cells. Wang, N. Mechanotransduction at a distance: mechanically coupling the extracellular matrix with the nucleus. Basu, A. Thermal and non-thermal fluctuations in active polar gels. E 27 , — Bursac, P. Cytoskeletal remodelling and slow dynamics in the living cell. Nature Mater. Keren, K. Mechanism of shape determination in motile cells. Dogterom, M. Measurement of the force—velocity relation for growing microtubules. Footer, M.

Direct measurement of force generation by actin filament polymerization using an optical trap. Parekh, S. Loading history determines the velocity of actin-network growth.

Prass, M. Direct measurement of the lamellipodial protrusive force in a migrating cell. The hard life of soft cells. Cytoskeleton 66 , — Discher, D. Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate. Chen, C. Mechanotransduction — a field pulling together? Thery, M. The extracellular matrix guides the orientation of the cell division axis. Krieg, M. Tensile forces govern germ-layer organization in zebrafish. Cheng, G. Micro-environmental mechanical stress controls tumor spheroid size and morphology by suppressing proliferation and inducing apoptosis in cancer cells.

Paszek, M. Tensional homeostasis and the malignant phenotype. Cancer Cell 8 , — Engler, A. Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification. This paper showed that substrate elasticity can control the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Saha, K. Substrate modulus directs neural stem cell behavior.

Growth factors, matrices, and forces combine and control stem cells. Berdyyeva, T. Human epithelial cells increase their rigidity with ageing in vitro : direct measurements. PubMed Article Google Scholar. Burns, J. Optimisation of fixation period on biological cells via time-lapse elasticity mapping. Kato, S. Characterization and phenotypic variation with passage number of cultured human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells.

Tissue Cell 40 , 95— Sawada, Y. Force sensing by mechanical extension of the Src family kinase substrate p Cas. Mammoto, A. A mechanosensitive transcriptional mechanism that controls angiogenesis. Holt, Sonneborn, T. The differentiation of cells.

USA 51 , — Beisson, J. Cytoplasmic inheritance of organization of cell cortex in Paramecium aurelia. USA 53 , — Albrecht-Buehler, G. Phagokinetic tracks of 3T3 cells: parallels between the orientation of track segments and of cellular structures which contain actin or tubulin.

Cell 12 , — Daughter 3T3 cells. Are they mirror images of each other? Delhanty, P. Paired cytoskeletal patterns in an epithelium of siamese twin cells.

Anderson, C. Centriole age underlies asynchronous primary cilium growth in mammalian cells. Sato, M. Micropipette aspiration of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells exposed to shear stress. Arteriosclerosis 7 , — The cytoskeleton and cell signaling: component localization and mechanical coupling.

Locke, M. Is there somatic inheritance of intracellular patterns? This paper summarized early examples of 'cytoskeletal epigenetics'.

Kaksonen, M. A modular design for the clathrin- and actin-mediated endocytosis machinery. Ganem, N. A mechanism linking extra centrosomes to chromosomal instability. Omary, M. Intermediate filament proteins and their associated diseases. Fygenson, D. Microtubules and vesicles under controlled tension. E 55 , — Pontani, L. Reconstitution of an actin cortex inside a liposome. Biology under construction: in vitro reconstitution of cellular function.

Jones, L. Control of cell shape in bacteria: helical, actin-like filaments in Bacillus subtilis. Ausmees, N. The bacterial cytoskeleton: an intermediate filament-like function in cell shape. Garner, E. Dynamic instability in a DNA-segregating prokaryotic actin homolog. Reconstitution of DNA segregation driven by assembly of a prokaryotic actin homolog.

Derman, A. Phylogenetic analysis identifies many uncharacterized actin-like proteins Alps in bacteria: regulated polymerization, dynamic instability and treadmilling in Alp7A. Rochlin, M. Polymerizing microtubules activate site-directed F-actin assembly in nerve growth cones. Cell 10 , — Henson, J. Two components of actin-based retrograde flow in sea urchin coelomocytes. Mechanism of filopodia initiation by reorganization of a dendritic network. Stossel, T. Filamins as integrators of cell mechanics and signalling.

Improved procedures for electron microscopic visualization of the cytoskeleton of cultured cells. Combined atomic force microscopy and side-view optical imaging for mechanical studies of cells. Nature Methods 6 , — Stachowiak, J. Unilamellar vesicle formation and encapsulation by microfluidic jetting. Download references. We thank O. Chaudhuri, D. Richmond, V. Risca and other members of the Fletcher laboratory for discussion and assistance with this Review.

In fact, cross sections of these tail-like cellular extensions show organized arrays of microtubules. Other cell movements, such as the pinching off of the cell membrane in the final step of cell division also known as cytokinesis are produced by the contractile capacity of actin filament networks. Actin filaments are extremely dynamic and can rapidly form and disassemble. In fact, this dynamic action underlies the crawling behavior of cells such as amoebae. At the leading edge of a moving cell, actin filaments are rapidly polymerizing; at its rear edge, they are quickly depolymerizing Figure 5.

A large number of other proteins participate in actin assembly and disassembly as well. Figure 5: Cell migration is dependent on different actin filament structures. These protrusive structures contain actin filaments, with elongating barbed ends orientated toward the plasma membrane. B During cellular arm extension, the plasma membrane sticks to the surface at the leading edge. C Next, the nucleus and the cell body are pushed forward through intracellular contraction forces mediated by stress fibers.

D Then, retraction fibers pull the rear of the cell forward. Filopodia: molecular architecture and cellular functions. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 9, All rights reserved. Figure Detail. This page appears in the following eBook. Aa Aa Aa. Microtubules and Filaments. What Is the Cytoskeleton Made Of? The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells is made of filamentous proteins, and it provides mechanical support to the cell and its cytoplasmic constituents.

All cytoskeletons consist of three major classes of elements that differ in size and in protein composition. Microtubules are the largest type of filament, with a diameter of about 25 nanometers nm , and they are composed of a protein called tubulin. Actin filaments are the smallest type, with a diameter of only about 6 nm, and they are made of a protein called actin.

Intermediate filaments, as their name suggests, are mid-sized, with a diameter of about 10 nm. Unlike actin filaments and microtubules, intermediate filaments are constructed from a number of different subunit proteins. What Do Microtubules Do? Figure 1. What Do Actin Filaments Do? Figure 2. What Do Intermediate Filaments Do? Figure 4: The structure of intermediate filaments. Intermediate filaments are composed of smaller strands in the shape of rods.

How Do Cells Move? The cytoskeleton of a cell is made up of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments. These structures give the cell its shape and help organize the cell's parts. In addition, they provide a basis for movement and cell division. Cell Biology for Seminars, Unit 3. Topic rooms within Cell Biology Close. No topic rooms are there. Or Browse Visually. Student Voices. Creature Cast.

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